Pushing the operational barriers for g-C3N4: a comprehensive review of cutting-edge immobilization strategies

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in immobilization strategies for graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free photocatalyst that has gained significant attention for its optical and physicochemical properties comparable to traditional photocatalysts like TiO2. However, a critical challenge regarding their application has emerged from the difficulty of its recovery due to its powdery nature. Therefore, several alternatives are being explored to immobilize this material, facilitating its recovery and reuse. This review systematically categorizes various physical and chemical immobilization techniques, providing an in-depth analysis of their advantages, drawbacks, and applications. Techniques such as encapsulation, electrospinning, casting, and coating, along with their adaptations for g-C3N4, are thoroughly examined. Additionally, the impact of these strategies on enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency and operational stability of g-C3N4, particularly in environmental applications, is also assessed. Thus, this review aims to provide valuable insights and guide future research in the realms of photocatalysis and environmental remediation. The review contributes to the understanding of how immobilization strategies can optimize the performance of g-C3N4, furthering its potential applications in sustainable and efficient environmental solutions.