The role of deep eutectic solvents in catalysis. A vision on their contribution to homogeneous, heterogeneous and electrocatalytic processes

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a group of eco-friendly, low-cost and tuneable solvents that have gained significant attention in recent years due to their remarkable properties including high solubility and conductivity, low toxicity and easy recovery. DESs have also demonstrated outstanding catalytic activity, especially as a green alternative to traditional solvents and catalysts in several chemical reactions including organic synthesis, biomass conversion and pharmaceutical manufacturing, among others. In this review, we explore the potential of DESs as co-solvents in reaction media or catalysts in a diversity of organic reactions, focusing on both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis during the last quinquenium. The review article is organised in three main sections: homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis. In each section, the most significant and recent research regarding versatile types of organic synthesis reactions is presented and discussed. Furthermore, this review offers insights into the future perspectives of DESs in organic catalysis.