Gender, race, and class in an intersectional framework: occupations and wages in the United States
DATE:
2023-11-10
UNIVERSAL IDENTIFIER: http://hdl.handle.net/11093/5398
UNESCO SUBJECT: 5307 Teoría Económica
DOCUMENT TYPE: article
ABSTRACT
Using family income as a class measure, we explore whether the gender and racial/ethnic gaps in hourly wages are the same across classes for 2015–2019. We show that the “mark of gender” extends beyond race/ethnicity and class. The conditional wages of women of any race/ethnicity are lower than those of any male group of the same class (except that lowerclass Asian women rank above lower-class Black men). Beyond differences in human capital, the wage disadvantage of Black and Hispanic workers, especially Black women, is (partially) associated with class stratification. Additionally, we explore the role that occupations play in explaining whether a group’s wage is above or below average. The wage disadvantage of Black women stems from their occupational sorting, regardless of their class. However, for White and Hispanic women, occupational sorting and underpayment within occupations are equally important. Occupational sorting does not seem to penalize Asian women.
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