Mechanical characterization of biopolymer-based hydrogels enriched with Paulownia extracts recovered using a green technique

Abstract

This study deals with the development and mechanical characterization of innovative starch- and gelatin-based hydrogels enriched with hydrothermal aqueous extracts from Paulownia (i.e., bark, leaves, petioles). The color, rheology, and texture properties of formulated biopolymer-based hydrogels depending on the processing conditions of the extracts was evaluated for the different Paulownia fractions. Results indicated that a clear impact on color features of the tested hydrogels was observed with the incorporation of Paulownia extracts. Rheological testing showed that weak and intermediate strength hydrogels were identified for starch- and gelatin-based hydrogels independently of used extract. A relevant softening of all gelled matrices was observed in the presence of recovered liquor extracts involving the following trend (leaves > barks > petioles). For all fractions, the highest viscoelastic features were achieved for hydrogels made with extracts recovered at 140 °C. Texture outcomes confirmed the rheological achievements. No syneresis was observed in developed hydrogels after two weeks of cold storage.